Aptasensors as the Promising Test Strips for Sensitive Detection of Aminoglycosides
-
Zahra Khoshbin,1,* Hamed Zahraee,2
1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Introduction: Aminoglycoside antibiotics are effective clinical drugs derived from Streptomyces species or generated synthetically that include the diverse sub-classes, such as kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, neomycin, and so on [1, 2]. Aminoglycosides are extensively utilized to prevent or treat bacterial infections through binding to their prokaryotic ribosomal sites that results in the mRNA mistranslation, message readout imperfection, and finally, bacterial cell death [3-6]. The marvelous inhibition effect to bacteria makes aminoglycosides advantageous in therapy, pharmaceutical industry, fishery, etc. However, their overuse arouses some serious problems for environmental safety and human health. The accumulation of aminoglycosides in human body causes the inevitable threats, such as renal toxicity, hearing loss, respiratory failure, and allergic reactions [7-9]. Hence, many organizations have determined the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the aminoglycosides as their maximum allowable concentration (in μgkg-1) in foodstuff and drinks. For example, European Union (EU) has determined the MRL range in the aminoglycoside sub-classes from 50 μgkg-1 for gentamicin to 20000 μgkg-1 for apramycin [10, 11]. Consequently, monitoring of aminoglycosides is very important for human safety.
There are diverse conventional analytical methods for the exact detection and quantitative measurements of aminoglycosides, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Despite their high accuracy, the methods are intricate and time-consuming under the restrictions on high cost, cumbersome sample preparation, operational complexity, and poor anti-inference that make them impractical for rapid and on-site aminoglycosides detection [12-14]. Therefore, new strategies for the simple, sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of aminoglycoside are intensively desired. To achieve the requirement, biosensors are introduced as the efficient additions to analytical sensing assays with the high potential for the quantitative high-throughput target monitoring. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are applied as the common biochemistry test strips for the rapid target detection. Unfortunately, the deficiencies of limited lifetime, instability, difficulties in storage, susceptibility to sample matrix, and irretrievable enzyme denaturation under the harsh experimental conditions restrict their application [15-19]. Hence, aptamers have been introduced as the efficient biorecognition elements for designing aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors). Aptamers are short synthetic oligonucleotide sequences, obtained by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands exponential enrichment) artificial screening method. They capture the specific targets with high specificity and binding affinity through conformational changes. Aptamers possess multifarious advantages, such as cost-effective and facile synthesis, adaptive modification, and high stability in diverse experimental conditions that convert them to the promising segments for biosensing assays [20-22].
Despite of the usage of aptasensors for the highly sensitive detection of targets, there is still an urgent requirement for facile, portable, user-friendly, and disposable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic assays. Hence, microfluidic biosensing devices have received a great attention as the equipment-free lab-on-chip approaches for the robust consumer diagnostics, particularly in the regions lacking laboratory analytical tools. The supreme characteristics of microfluidic assays such as low-reagent consumption, high-throughput, and rapidity accompanied with significant features of aptasensors provides the opportunity to design microfluidic aptasensor platforms for the highly sensitive on-site diagnostics [23-27].
- Methods: Review
- Results: Review
- Conclusion: Aminoglycoside class of antibiotics are matters with the strong lethal features against gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive ones. The accumulation of aminoglycosides in human body causes nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, allergic reactions, respiratory failure, intestinal diseases, etc. Hence, developing sensitive strategies are essential for the on-site diagnosis of aminoglycosides. Specially, aptasensors have been introduced for this purpose with applying aptamers as the biorecognition segments. With providing the advantages of simple operation, low-cost, high stability, no immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and rapid detection, aptasensors are potential for portable sensing tools. Hence, a combination of aptamers with microfluidic assays, liquid crystals, nanomaterials, and smartphone technology is promising for monitoring of ultra-low levels of aminoglycosides.
References
1. Edson, R.S. and C.L. Terrell. The aminoglycosides. in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1999. Elsevier.
2. Hermann, T., Aminoglycoside antibiotics: old drugs and new therapeutic approaches. J Cellular molecular life sciences
2007. 64(14): p. 1841-1852.
3. Vicens, Q. and E. Westhof, Molecular recognition of aminoglycoside antibiotics by ribosomal RNA and resistance enzymes: an analysis of x‐ray crystal structures. Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 2003. 70(1): p. 42-57.
4. Auerbach, T., A. Bashan, and A. Yonath, Ribosomal antibiotics: structural basis for resistance, synergism and selectivity. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 2004. 22(11): p. 570-576.
5. Tor, Y., The ribosomal A-site as an inspiration for the design of RNA binders. Biochimie, 2006. 88(8): p. 1045-1051.
6. Purohit, P. and S. Stern, Interactions of a small RNA with antibiotic and RNA ligands of the 30S subunit. Nature, 1994. 370(6491): p. 659-662.
7. Zhou, Y., et al., Development of fluorescent aptasensing system for ultrasensitive analysis of kanamycin. Journal of Luminescence, 2020. 222: p. 117124.
8. Azadbakht, A. and A.R. Abbasi, Impedimetric aptasensor for kanamycin by using carbon nanotubes modified with MoSe 2 nanoflowers and gold nanoparticles as signal amplifiers. Microchimica Acta, 2019. 186(1): p. 23.
9. Xing, Y.-P., et al., Label-free detection of kanamycin based on a G-quadruplex DNA aptamer-based fluorescent intercalator displacement assay. Scientific reports, 2015. 5: p. 8125.
10. Derbyshire, N., et al., Toggled RNA aptamers against aminoglycosides allowing facile detection of antibiotics using gold nanoparticle assays. Analytical chemistry, 2012. 84(15): p. 6595-6602.
11. McGlinchey, T.A., et al., A review of analytical methods for the determination of aminoglycoside and macrolide residues in food matrices. Analytica chimica acta, 2008. 624(1): p. 1-15.
12. Cheng, S., et al., Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for kanamycin detection based on silver nanoparticle-catalyzed chemiluminescent reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical, 2020. 304: p. 127367.
13. Sharma, N., S.P. Selvam, and K. Yun, Electrochemical detection of amikacin sulphate using reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles nanocomposite. Applied Surface Science, 2020. 512: p. 145742.
14. Yan, S., et al., Identification of aminoglycoside antibiotics in milk matrix with a colorimetric sensor array and pattern recognition methods. Analytica chimica acta, 2018. 1034: p. 153-160.
15. Cao, J., T. Sun, and K.T. Grattan, Gold nanorod-based localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors: A review. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical, 2014. 195: p. 332-351.
16. Bahadır, E.B. and M.K. Sezgintürk, Applications of commercial biosensors in clinical, food, environmental, and biothreat/biowarfare analyses. Analytical biochemistry, 2015. 478: p. 107-120.
17. Han, Y., J. Zheng, and S. Dong, A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Ag–MnO2–MWCNTs nanocomposites. Electrochimica Acta, 2013. 90: p. 35-43.
18. Syshchyk, O., et al., Enzyme biosensor systems based on porous silicon photoluminescence for detection of glucose, urea and heavy metals. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2015. 66: p. 89-94.
19. Othman, A., A. Karimi, and S. Andreescu, Functional nanostructures for enzyme based biosensors: Properties, fabrication and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2016. 4(45): p. 7178-7203.
20. Ha, N.-R., et al., Paper chip-based colorimetric sensing assay for ultra-sensitive detection of residual kanamycin. Process biochemistry, 2017. 62: p. 161-168.
21. Dirkzwager, R.M., S. Liang, and J.A. Tanner, Development of aptamer-based point-of-care diagnostic devices for malaria using three-dimensional printing rapid prototyping. Acs Sensors, 2016. 1(4): p. 420-426.
22. Jin, B., et al., Upconversion nanoparticles based FRET aptasensor for rapid and ultrasenstive bacteria detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 90: p. 525-533.
23. Ma, C., et al., Multiplexed aptasensor for simultaneous detection of carcinoembryonic antigen and mucin-1 based on metal ion electrochemical labels and Ru (NH3) 63+ electronic wires. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018. 99: p. 8-13.
24. Lin, X., et al., Development of DNA-based signal amplification and microfluidic technology for protein assay: A review. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2016. 80: p. 132-148.
25. Liang, L., et al., Aptamer-based fluorescent and visual biosensor for multiplexed monitoring of cancer cells in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical, 2016. 229: p. 347-354.
26. Li, B., et al., Simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes on paper-based chip using [Ru (phen) 2dppz] 2+ turn-on fluorescence probe. ACS applied materials interfaces, 2018. 10(5): p. 4494-4501.
27. Hu, S.-W., et al., A paper-based SERS test strip for quantitative detection of Mucin-1 in whole blood. Talanta, 2018. 179: p. 9-14.
- Keywords: Aptasensor; Aminoglycosides; Antibiotic detection; Nanoparticles
