Hybridoma technology, a highly efficient method for the production of monoclonal antibodies
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Motahare Khorrami,1,* Mahoora Rahimi,2
1. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran / Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Introduction: It's not a new concept to use someone's blood who has recovered from an illness to assist another person recover from the same illness. During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, doctors would use serum from persons who had recovered from the disease and give it to those who were infected to prevent the disease from progressing. Antibodies generated by the immune system to detect and eradicate infections were thought to be present in this blood. We can now extract and create particular antibodies to treat a range of diseases thanks to scientific advancements over the last 30 years. This group of antibodies is called monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs are lab-made proteins that mimic human antibodies by attaching to antigens, which are specific proteins found in the body. Proteins from tumors, bacteria, viruses, and inflammatory cells are examples of antigens. Currently, approximately 30 monoclonal antibodies have been approved for use in medicine to treat a variety of disorders. Human monoclonal antibodies, in particular, are currently on the list of targeted therapeutics for Covid-19. One of the most frequent methods for producing mAbs is hybridoma technology. After immunizing mice with specific antigens, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are separated and united with immortal myeloma cell lines to create hybrid cells known as hybridoma cell lines. In a laboratory, these hybridoma cells are cultivated to create monoclonal antibodies against a specific antigen.
- Methods: We conducted a thorough search in online databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus to find all articles related to Hybridoma technology for the production of monoclonal antibodies published from 2018 until 2022. We conducted no language limit and our search strategies for each database were independently designed. Our studies included all observational conducted to explain the applications of monoclonal antibodies in medical and diagnostic matters, and a special and complete review of hybridoma technology for the production of mAbs. Through screening the abstracts/titles of the articles we selected the relevant studies. Duplicate and Similar searches were excluded and the references of the extracted publications were reviewed to ensure that all relevant studies were included.
- Results: Hybridoma technology has long been regarded as a wonderful and necessary tool for producing high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Hybridoma-derived mAbs have become the most quickly expanding class of therapeutic biologics, not only as tool reagents but also as therapeutic biologics. Hybridoma technology has opened up new options for effectively producing humanized or fully human mAbs as treatments, with the establishment of mAb humanization and the production of transgenic-humanized mice. The hybridoma method takes advantage of mature B lymphocytes found in the secondary lymphoid organ, which are produced in response to an invading antigen. The variable area of antibodies in these B cells in the secondary lymphoid organ expands as a result of accumulating corporeal hypermutations, resulting in the selection of high-affinity binder antibodies. These antibodies have the ability to naturally link substantial and light chain genes. A well-known method for manufacturing monoclonal antibodies is to fuse vaccinated mice's splenocytes with immortal myeloma cells to form hybridoma cell lines. Despite the fact that other technologies for the creation of monoclonal antibodies have emerged as feasible alternatives, hybridoma technology remains a viable technique that is accessible to a wide range of laboratories that do basic cell biology research.
- Conclusion: Cell biology, immunology, biotechnology, toxicology, pharmaceutical and medical research have all benefited from hybridoma technology. Prior to the invention of hybridoma technology, antibodies were made by immunizing laboratory animals and then isolating the serum, which could subsequently be used for medicinal purposes. However, those procedures have a number of drawbacks, including the possibility of allergic and hypersensitive reactions in patients. Furthermore, no clinical trials for the administration of crude sera were conducted. Hybridoma technology ushered in a paradigm change by allowing for the mass manufacture of extremely specific and sensitive monoclonal antibodies. The mAbs have been employed in a variety of diagnostic applications, including cancer detection. These are also widely utilized in cancer treatment. Fusion of antigen-specific human B-cells with human or mouse metastatic tumor cells is the most cost-effective and efficient way of producing antibodies. Researchers are working ceaselessly in the current biotherapeutic era to generate simpler and higher-quality human antibodies with the help of hybridoma technology.
- Keywords: Hybridoma technology, Monoclonal antibody, Therapeutic, B cells, Diagnosis
